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We are using in this article a three-fold distinction between phenomenal, phenomenological and Phenomenology. The first, a broad and general term used in both third- and first-person discussion, refers to whatever is available for examination. It is defined in this section. ‘Phenomenological’ has been used repeatedly in a general sense to designate conscious experience and subjectivity (e.g. by R. Jackendoff, in his pioneering work, and by some of the contributors to this special issue).This broad use of the word is linked to the previous one, and is to be sharply distinguished from work based on the philosophical tradition of Phenomenology, where a ‘phenomenological’ description is necessarily based on ‘reduction’ as presented in the papers in Section II of this issue.