Models of the Self

    Edited by Shaun Gallagher and Jonathan Shear
    544 pages, ISBN 0 907845 401 (hbk): $38.95/£24.95 
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    'Models of the Self is a challenging and provocative book. It is not an
    easy read, but the insights and rewards are great.'
    Trends in Cognitive Sciences

    'Models of the Self should be of interest to all thinking buman beings.'
    Times Higher Education Supplement

    'Successfully spans a multidisciplinary mix of fields, from psychology and cognitive science through philosophy and mysticism'
    Times Literary Supplement

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  • Contents
  • Pre-publication reviewers' comments from Michael Gazzaniga, Marc Jeannerod, Christopher Frith, Francisco Varela, E.J. Lowe, Susan Blackmore and Guy Claxton
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    • Introduction

    A long history of inquiry about human nature and the self stretches from the ancient tradition of Socratic self-knowledge in the context of ethical life to contemporary discussions of brain function in cognitive science. It begins with a conflict among the ancients. On one view, which comes to be represented most clearly by Aristotle, the issue is settled in terms of a composite and very complex human nature. Who I am is closely tied to my embodied existence. The other view, found as early as the Pythagoreans, and developed in the writings of Plato, Augustine and Descartes, held that genuine humanness is not the result of an integration of ‘lower’ functions, but a purification of those functions in favour of a liberating spirituality. The animal elements are excluded from the human essence. The modern debate on the problem of the self, although owing much to the insights of Locke and Hume, can still be situated within the context of the two schools of ancient thought, and this has led many to despair over the lack of apparent progress in this problem.

    Today, of course, we often tend to look to science rather than philosophy to develop our understanding of  a wide range of fundamental issues. To what extent is the problem of the self a scientific issue? Can insights from the study of neuropsychology and cognitive development in infancy provide a new perspective? Can the study of schizophrenia and dissociative identity disorders tell us anything about the nature of human self-consciousness?
    Many would answer yes to the above questions, but then is it not also the case that the study of exceptional ‘self-actualised’ human experience is equally relevant? And can the phenomenological tradition, dedicated to the systematic study of human experience, and contemporary analytic approaches in philosophy help us out of some of the impasses that have bedevilled the empiricist tradition?

    MODELS OF THE SELF includes all these perspectives in an attempt to cast light on one of the most intractable problems in science and the humanities.

    Contents

  • Shaun Gallagher and Jonathan Shear, Editors’ Introduction

    • Philosophical controversies

  • Galen Strawson, ‘The Self’
  • Kathleen V. Wilkes, GNWQI SEAUTON (Know Thyself)
  • Andrew Brook, Unified Consciousness and the Self
  • Eric T. Olson, There Is No Problem of the Self
  • John Pickering, The Self is a Semiotic Process

    • Cognitive and neuroscientific models

  • V.S. Ramachandran & W. Hirstein, Three Laws of Qualia: What Neurology Tells Us about the Biological Functions of Consciousness, Qualia and the Self
  • Jaak Panksepp, The Periconscious Substrates of Consciousness: Affective States and the Evolutionary Origins of the Self
  • Donald Perlis, Consciousness As Self-Function
  • Jun Tani, An Interpretation of the ‘Self’ from the Dynamical Systems Perspective: A Constructivist Approach
  • James Blachowicz, The Dialogue of the Soul with Itself

    • Developmental and phenomenological constraints

  • George Butterworth, A Developmental– Ecological Perspective on Strawson’s ‘The Self'
  • Maria Legerstee, Mental and Bodily Awareness in Infancy: Consciousness of Self-existence
  • Maxine Sheets-Johnstone, Phenomenology and Agency: Methodological and Theoretical Issues in Strawson’s ‘The Self’
  • D. Zahavi & J. Parnas, Phenomenal Consciousness and Self Awareness: A Phenomenological Critique of Representational Theory

    • Pathologies of the self

  • Shaun Gallagher and Anthony J. Marcel, The Self in Contextualized Action
  • Jonathan Cole, On ‘Being Faceless’: Selfhood and Facial Embodiment
  • Louis A. Sass, Schizophrenia, Self-consciousness and the Modern Mind
  • Jennifer Radden, Pathologically Divided Minds, Synchronic Unity and Models of Self

    • Meditation-based approaches

  • Robert Forman, What Does Mysticism Have to Teach Us About Consciousness?
  • Jeremy  Hayward, A rDzogs-chen Buddhist Interpretation of the Sense of Self
  • Steven W. Laycock, Consciousness It/Self
  • Jonathan Shear, Experiential Clarification of the Problem of Self
  • Arthur J. Deikman, ‘I’ = Awareness

    • Further methodological questions

  • José Louis Bermúdez, Reduction and the Self
  • Mait Edey, Subject and Object
  • Tamar Szabó Gendler, Exceptional Persons: On the Limits of Imaginary Cases
  • Mary Midgley, Being Scientific About Our Selves

    • Response from keynote author

  • Galen Strawson, The Self and the SESMET
  • INDEX

    • Pre-publication reviewers' comments

  • Gallagher and Shear have put together a fast paced yet savvy set of readings on the thorny problem of the self. It is a must read. Michael S. Gazzaniga, Director, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Dartmouth College; editor, The Cognitive Neurosciences.

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  • Never before has such a wide range of multidisciplinary expertise been brought to bear, in a single volume, upon the central and most perplexing question of the human condition — what is the self? This book will make fascinating and illuminating reading for anyone seeking a well-informed answer to that question. E.J. Lowe, Department of Philosophy, University of Durham; author, Subjects of Experience.

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  • We cannot understand consciousness without tackling the self — and this book tackles it head-on. Susan Blackmore, Department of Psychology, University of the West of England; author,The Meme Machine.

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  • In both its breadth and depth, MODELS OF THE SELF is outstanding testimony to the success of cognitive science in unravelling the conundrum of personhood. Guy Claxton, University of Bristol School of Education; author, Hare Brain, Tortoise Mind.

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  • MODELS OF THE SELF introduces the recent developments in a growing field of research, that of the embodiment of the self. Self-consciousness is probably the most fascinating aspect of this problem. The truly multidisciplinary approach to self-consciousness, from its development in infancy, to its disorders in neurological as well as psychiatric conditions, offers a real challenge to philosophers who are interested in such broad issues as the foundations of agency or the unity of the self.

    •     The book is fully edited, which is a rare feature in multi-authored works. The philosophical thread runs through the chapters, even those which deal with psychological or biological questions. No doubt this book will be widely read by philosophers, but also by researchers in neuroscience, psychology or cognitive science at large. Marc Jeannerod, Directeur, Institut des Sciences Cognitives, Lyon, France; co-editor, The Neuropsychology of Mental Imagery.
     
  • In the last few years there has been a phenomenal growth of interest in the problem of consciousness and many of the books on this topic that have been published suggest that the problem is about to be solved. This book on the self presents a refreshingly different view. The contributors come from many backgrounds, ranging from eastern mysticism to robotics, and include the neuroscientist V.S. Ramachandran and the philosopher Mary Midgley. The book springs from an essay written by Galen Strawson concerned with the problem of whether the self exists. All the commentators have fascinating and strikingly different things to say abut the self, but there is no pretence that the problem is solved.  As Galen Strawson says at the end, 'the result is a festival of misunderstanding, but misunderstanding is one of the great engines of progress.’   Christopher Frith, Wellcome Principal Research Fellow, Institute of Neurology, UCL; co-editor, Human Brain Function.

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  • The multiple conceptions of self constitute a diverse and entangled field. Gallagher and Shear have provided us with the most useful guided tour available. The breadth of coverage of its various articles is enormously useful to pull the reader away from his/her habitual assumptions and to peek into alternatives. The quality level of individual contributions is surprisingly good. It should find a place on the library shelf of every institution and individual concerned with the study of mind. Francisco J. Varela, CNRS, Paris; co-author, The Embodied Mind.

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